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Answered on 10 Apr Learn Chapter 22-Chemical Coordination and Integration
Sadika
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that plays a key role in reproductive function, particularly in the regulation of ovarian follicle development and spermatogenesis. The mechanism of action of FSH involves the following steps:
Binding to Receptors:
Activation of Signaling Pathways:
Granulosa Cell Response (Females):
Sertoli Cell Response (Males):
Feedback Regulation:
In summary, FSH plays a crucial role in regulating reproductive function by promoting follicle development and estrogen production in females and supporting spermatogenesis in males. Its actions are mediated through specific cell surface receptors and intracellular signaling pathways, ultimately leading to the maturation of ovarian follicles and the production of mature sperm cells.
Answered on 10 Apr Learn Chapter 22-Chemical Coordination and Integration
Sadika
(a) Diabetes mellitus:
(b) Goiter:
Answered on 10 Apr Learn Chapter 22-Chemical Coordination and Integration
Sadika
(d) Androgens:
(e) Estrogens:
(f) Insulin and Glucagon:
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Affordable fees Flexible Timings Choose between 1-1 and Group class Verified Tutors Answered on 10 Apr Learn Chapter 22-Chemical Coordination and Integration
Sadika
(a) Hormones secreted by the Hypothalamus:
(b) Hormones secreted by the Pituitary Gland:
(c) Hormones secreted by the Thyroid Gland:
These hormones play crucial roles in regulating various physiological processes in the body, including growth, metabolism, reproduction, stress response, and calcium homeostasis.
Answered on 10 Apr Learn Chapter 22-Chemical Coordination and Integration
Sadika
An exocrine gland is a type of gland that secretes its products (such as enzymes, hormones, mucus, sweat, saliva, etc.) into ducts. These ducts then transport the secretions to specific target locations, either on the body's surface or into body cavities. Exocrine glands are found in various organs and tissues throughout the body and are involved in functions such as digestion, lubrication, protection, and temperature regulation. Examples of exocrine glands include salivary glands, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, mammary glands, and digestive glands (e.g., pancreas, liver).
Answered on 10 Apr Learn Chapter 21-Neural Control and Coordination
Sadika
(a) Role of Na+ in the generation of action potential: Sodium ions (Na+) play a crucial role in the generation of action potentials, which are brief electrical signals that propagate along the membrane of neurons. During the resting state of a neuron, the membrane is polarized, with a negative charge inside and a positive charge outside. When a stimulus depolarizes the membrane, voltage-gated sodium channels open, allowing Na+ ions to rush into the neuron. This influx of positive charge depolarizes the membrane further, leading to the generation of an action potential. The rapid influx of Na+ ions initiates the rising phase of the action potential, creating an electrical impulse that travels along the neuron. Subsequently, voltage-gated potassium channels open, allowing potassium ions (K+) to leave the neuron and repolarize the membrane, restoring its negative charge. Thus, the influx of Na+ ions is essential for triggering and propagating action potentials in neurons.
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Sadika
(b) Mechanism of generation of light-induced impulse in the retina: In the retina, photoreceptor cells called rods and cones convert light energy into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the brain as visual information. When light enters the eye and strikes the retina, it is absorbed by photopigments located in the outer segments of rods and cones. This absorption of light causes a change in the conformation of the photopigment molecule, leading to the activation of a signaling cascade within the photoreceptor cell. Specifically, the activation of photopigments triggers a decrease in the concentration of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) within the photoreceptor cell, which results in the closure of cGMP-gated sodium channels in the cell membrane. This closure of sodium channels leads to hyperpolarization of the photoreceptor cell, reducing its release of neurotransmitter (glutamate) onto bipolar cells. The change in neurotransmitter release from photoreceptor cells alters the activity of bipolar cells, which in turn transmit the visual signal to retinal ganglion cells and eventually to the brain via the optic nerve. Thus, the generation of light-induced impulses in the retina involves a series of biochemical and electrical events initiated by the absorption of light by photopigments in rods and cones.
read lessAnswered on 10 Apr Learn Chapter 21-Neural Control and Coordination
Sadika
(c) Mechanism through which sound produces a nerve impulse in the inner ear: Sound waves are detected by specialized sensory cells called hair cells located within the cochlea of the inner ear. When sound waves enter the ear canal and vibrate the eardrum, the vibrations are transmitted through the middle ear to the cochlea, where they cause the fluid within the cochlear duct to move. This movement of fluid within the cochlea causes the basilar membrane, which supports the hair cells, to bend. As the basilar membrane bends, the hair cells are deflected, and their stereocilia (hair-like projections) are displaced. This mechanical displacement of the stereocilia opens mechanosensitive ion channels located on the tips of the stereocilia, allowing ions (such as potassium) to enter the hair cells. The influx of ions depolarizes the hair cells, leading to the release of neurotransmitter (glutamate) onto the dendrites of sensory neurons called spiral ganglion cells. The release of neurotransmitter triggers the generation of action potentials in the spiral ganglion cells, which transmit the auditory signal along the auditory nerve to the brainstem and eventually to the auditory cortex in the brain for processing.
read lessAnswered on 10 Apr Learn Chapter 21-Neural Control and Coordination
Sadika
The part of the ear that determines the pitch of a sound is the cochlea. Specifically, the pitch of a sound is determined by the frequency of vibrations detected by hair cells along the basilar membrane of the cochlea. High-frequency sounds produce vibrations near the base of the cochlea, where the basilar membrane is narrow and stiff, while low-frequency sounds produce vibrations near the apex of the cochlea, where the basilar membrane is wider and more flexible. Thus, the cochlea acts as a frequency analyzer, with different regions of the basilar membrane responding preferentially to different frequencies of sound.
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Affordable fees Flexible Timings Choose between 1-1 and Group class Verified Tutors Answered on 28 Apr Learn Chapter 19- Excretory Products and Their Elimination
Deepika Agrawal
"Balancing minds, one ledger at a time." "Counting on expertise to balance your knowledge."
he counter-current multiplier or the countercurrent mechanism is used to concentrate urine in the kidneys by the nephrons of the human excretory system. The nephrons involved in the formation of concentrated urine extend all the way from the cortex of the kidney to the medulla and are accompanied by vasa recta
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